The fight against rampant disinformation has triggered two major answers: fact-checking and news literacy. These affect the established fields of journalism and of Media and Information Literacy (MIL). They create opportunities for new entrants from the margins to enter professional fields in need of revamping. Using information and communication sciences research on policy and organizations and on the interplay between agency, platforms and networks, this analysis focuses on three main criteria for evaluating the field-configuring role of disinformation: policy rules and professional canons (to regain some lost political and economic ground), key events and projects (to provide sense-making strategies), and interactions with audiences and communities (to restore trust and reputation). Focusing on the European Union as main terrain of analysis due to its pioneering initiatives, this analysis first considers the mutual benefits afforded by the fight against disinformation. Then considers three main challenges: MIL risks being reduced to news literacy, digital journalism risks being reduced to fact-checking, and the disinformation discourse risks downscaling the emphasis on information. It concludes with the implications for the future for all actors to effect real field change in MIL and journalism.

This systematic literature review examines the growing influence of social media influencers over traditional media in shaping public opinion. Analyzing 26 Scopus-indexed studies published between 2020 and 2025, the review finds that influencers build strong trust and engagement through parasocial relationships, emotional storytelling, and niche relevance, often outperforming traditional media in influencing attitudes and behavior. While influencers act as powerful cultural intermediaries in digital communication, the study also highlights ongoing challenges such as misinformation, ethical concerns, and commercialization, offering important implications for research, marketing practice, and media policy.